How to fix KaTeX parse error: KaTeX doesn’t work in quirks mode

Problem:

You’re using KaTeX on a website, but every time you try to render, you encounter the following error message:

Uncaught Error: KaTeX parse error: KaTeX doesn't work in quirks mode.
    at new e (VM697 katex.min.js:1)
    at Object.l [as render] (VM697 katex.min.js:1)
[...]

Solution:

KaTeX requires a valid DOCTYPE declaration on your HTML page, so add this line at the top of your HTML file(s), above <html>

<!DOCTYPE html>

Thanks to @xymostech on GitHub for the original solution in the the KaTeX issue tracker: