How to fix Python pyarrow pip install error: Could NOT find Arrow (missing: Arrow_DIR)

Problem:

When trying to install pyarrow such as using

pip install pyarrow

you see an error log like

      -- Found Python3Alt: /home/uli/.pypy3-virtualenv/bin/pypy3
      CMake Warning (dev) at /usr/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:273 (message):
        The package name passed to `find_package_handle_standard_args` (PkgConfig)
        does not match the name of the calling package (Arrow).  This can lead to
        problems in calling code that expects `find_package` result variables
        (e.g., `_FOUND`) to follow a certain pattern.
      Call Stack (most recent call first):
        /usr/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindPkgConfig.cmake:59 (find_package_handle_standard_args)
        cmake_modules/FindArrow.cmake:39 (include)
        cmake_modules/FindArrowPython.cmake:46 (find_package)
        CMakeLists.txt:229 (find_package)
      This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.
      
      -- Found PkgConfig: /usr/bin/pkg-config (found version "0.29.2")
      -- Could NOT find Arrow (missing: Arrow_DIR)
      -- Checking for module 'arrow'
      --   No package 'arrow' found
      CMake Error at /usr/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:165 (message):
        Could NOT find Arrow (missing: ARROW_INCLUDE_DIR ARROW_LIB_DIR
        ARROW_FULL_SO_VERSION ARROW_SO_VERSION)
      Call Stack (most recent call first):
        /usr/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:458 (_FPHSA_FAILURE_MESSAGE)
        cmake_modules/FindArrow.cmake:450 (find_package_handle_standard_args)
        cmake_modules/FindArrowPython.cmake:46 (find_package)
        CMakeLists.txt:229 (find_package)
      
      
      -- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!
      See also "/tmp/pip-install-409dctif/pyarrow_b70cde6894c3469483f7360493fc2e65/build/temp.linux-x86_64-pypy39/CMakeFiles/CMakeOutput.log".
      error: command '/usr/bin/cmake' failed with exit code 1
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for pyarrow
Failed to build pyarrow
ERROR: Could not build wheels for pyarrow, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects

Solution:

You need to install the arrow library in order to be able to compile pyarrow from source. On Ubuntu, this can be done using

sudo apt install -y -V ca-certificates lsb-release wget
wget https://apache.jfrog.io/artifactory/arrow/$(lsb_release --id --short | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z')/apache-arrow-apt-source-latest-$(lsb_release --codename --short).deb -O /tmp/apache-arrow.deb
sudo apt -y install /tmp/apache-arrow.deb
sudo apt -y update
sudo apt -y install libarrow-dev libarrow-python-dev