wpcli wp db check
Or, with docker-compose, if you have a wpcli container:
docker-compose exec wpcli wp db check
Example output:
wordpress.wp_commentmeta OK wordpress.wp_comments OK wordpress.wp_icl_content_status OK wordpress.wp_icl_core_status OK wordpress.wp_icl_flags OK wordpress.wp_icl_languages OK wordpress.wp_icl_languages_translations OK wordpress.wp_icl_locale_map OK wordpress.wp_icl_message_status OK wordpress.wp_icl_mo_files_domains OK wordpress.wp_icl_node OK wordpress.wp_icl_reminders OK wordpress.wp_icl_string_batches OK wordpress.wp_icl_string_packages OK wordpress.wp_icl_string_pages OK wordpress.wp_icl_string_positions OK wordpress.wp_icl_string_status OK wordpress.wp_icl_string_translations OK wordpress.wp_icl_string_urls OK wordpress.wp_icl_strings OK Success: Database checked.